Farm sector growth at 0.02 percent, India's rural-urban divide widens

By Saumya Tewari

India’s agriculture growth dropped to 0.02% in the last quarter of 2014-15, according to the latest government data, compounding predictions of a bad monsoon ahead.

The meteorological department on June 2, 2015, lowered its rainfall projections, saying the monsoon rainfall would be 88 percent of the average. If this prediction pans out, 2015 will officially be a drought year, declared when monsoon rainfall shortfall exceeds 10 percent.

Unseasol rains caused crop damage and a farm crisis this year, forcing wheat imports from Australia.

While agriculture - which supports 600 million Indians - faces significant distress, the warning signs have been evident for many years. Over the past 20 years, the farm sector has experienced negative growth during five years, three of those being drought years.

Two indicators of India’s struggle to keep its people fed are foodgrain production and its per capita availability.

Although foodgrain production increased 32 percent over the past two decades, the population has increased by roughly 42 percent over this period. Per capita availability of foodgrain has increased margilly, from 471 gm in 1994-95 to 511 gm in 2013-14.

Agriculture in India is mostly weather dependent, and that is a major reason for the fluctuations in farm growth.

The year 2014-15 has not been a good year for agriculture and productivity. Our recent report shows how hunger and malnourishment are growing in India, and why agriculture needs a boost in innovation for better productivity.

Instead, India’s farmers are sinking deeper into distress.

Why farmers are becoming workers

Data gleaned over last three census periods-1991, 2001 and 2011-indicate that the population of cultivators has declined and farm labourers has increased.

This indicates that more people engaged in agriculture are landless and work on other people’s land for wages.

The census defines two categories of workers engaged in farming: cultivators and agricultural labourers. While cultivators own land, agricultural labourers work on farms.

People engaged in the farm sector are mostly unskilled workers.

Meanwhile, India’s urban-rural divide appears to have widened between 1993-94 and 2011-12, according to an IIM-Ahmedabad study, which indicated two trends over this period:

* Per capita GDP for rural India increased 7 times and for urban India by 8 times.

* Urban per capita GDP was 2.3 times more than rural in 1993-94; this difference was 2.5 times in 2011-12

The increasing gap shows that instead of moving towards greater economic productivity, rural India is engaged in low wage-earning activity on farms.

(In arrangement with IndiaSpend.org, a data-driven, non-profit, public-interest jourlism platform. Saumya Tewari can be contgacted at webmaster@indiaspend.org. The views expressed are persol)