Bhogdoi: Assam’s only man-made river

Himangshu Ranjan Bhuyan 

(hrbhuyancolumnist@gmail.com)

Among Assam's natural resources, rivers hold the highest significance. From the mighty Brahmaputra to its numerous tributaries, these rivers have served as the backbone of Assam's life, culture, and economy. Among these rivers, the Bhogdoi holds a unique place. Its significance lies not only in its geographical location or flow but also in its remarkable historical origin and deep connection with human civilization. Unlike other rivers in Assam, such as the Brahmaputra, Dikhou, Jiyabharali, Subansiri, or Dhansiri, which are creations of nature, the Bhogdoi is a man-made river, crafted through human effort. The creation of this river is tied to a significant historical event during the Ahom kingdom, establishing it not just as a geographical entity but as a symbol of Assam's historical and cultural heritage. However, sadly, this river has now fallen victim to pollution and environmental degradation. The Bhogdoi's once-pristine waters have lost their clarity, and its former vibrancy is now confined to memories.

The story of the Bhogdoi's origin is a glorious chapter in Assam's history. Originally named Dichoi, this river originated in the Chamtag region of the Naga Hills and flowed into the southern bank of the Brahmaputra. Its channel was naturally formed, but during the later years of the Ahom kingdom, particularly during the reign of Swargadeo Gaurinath Singha (1780-1794), a historic event altered its fate. Following the Moamoria rebellion, the Ahom capital was shifted from Gargaon and Rangpur to Jorhat. After establishing Jorhat as the last Ahom capital, the need for a reliable water source near the capital became acutely felt. Under the leadership of Purnananda Burhagohain Dangariya, the chief minister of the Ahom kingdom, a bold plan was undertaken. The course of the Dichoi River was redirected to flow through the heart of Jorhat city. During this process, offerings (bhog) were made and rituals performed along the riverbanks, leading to the river being renamed "Bhogdoi." This event gave the Bhogdoi a unique historical identity. The labour, planning, and foresight behind its creation remain a source of awe even today. In the eighteenth century, when modern machinery was unavailable, completing such a massive project stands as a remarkable testament to the technical expertise and determination of the Ahoms. This project not only addressed Jorhat's water needs but also created a memorable chapter in Assam's history. The planning behind this river's creation reflects the Ahom kingdom's commitment to the welfare of its people, showcasing their visionary approach to governance. Through this process of altering the river's course, the Ahoms harmonized with nature, paving the way for sustainable development. An analysis of this river's creation reveals that human determination and planning can overcome natural limitations to create new possibilities.

After establishing Jorhat as the capital, the need for a river was not just for water supply but also crucial for the economic and social development of the new capital. The river's water enabled the expansion of agriculture, strengthening Jorhat's economy. The water supply improved the quality of life for the capital's residents. Moreover, the river facilitated trade and communication, transforming Jorhat into a significant commercial hub. A vibrant society emerged along the banks of the Bhogdoi, where people's lives became intricately linked with the river's flow. The river's water not only met physical needs but also became an integral part of the local culture. People spent time along its banks, engaging in social activities, and the river's environment added a new dimension to Jorhat's way of life. Analysing the planning and outcomes of this river's creation reveals that the Ahoms undertook this project not only for political or economic purposes but also with a deep commitment to the welfare of their people. Through this process, they established a harmonious relationship with nature, strengthening Jorhat's social and economic framework. The success of this plan was rooted in the foresight and sense of responsibility of the Ahom rulers, which elevated the Bhogdoi beyond a mere river to a historical monument.

The original course of the Bhogdoi, now known as Moridichoi, still exists. This channel flows from the northwestern part of Jorhat district through Dergaon in Golaghat district, merging with the Gelabil area of Rangagara. However, the water flow in this channel has gradually diminished, and it is now nearly defunct. This change is due to a combination of natural and human-induced factors. Natural changes in the river's course, the impact of earthquakes, and alterations in rainfall patterns have affected Moridichoi's water flow. Additionally, human activities such as excessive water use for agriculture, unplanned construction along the riverbanks, and the degradation of water sources have worsened its condition. The decline of Moridichoi also impacts the main course of the Bhogdoi, as both channels share the same water source. An analysis of Moridichoi's condition reveals how the interplay of natural processes and human neglect can endanger a river's existence. This transformation has caused Moridichoi to lose its former vibrancy, leaving it as a mere memory in history. This decline serves as a reminder of the dire consequences of disrupting the balance between humans and nature. Moridichoi's condition reflects the current crisis facing the Bhogdoi, underscoring the urgent need for river conservation.

The cultural significance of the Bhogdoi is a vital aspect of Assamese society. This river has become an inseparable part of Assamese literature, folklore, and culture. References to the Bhogdoi in childhood textbooks have introduced new generations to its history. The lifestyle that developed along its banks, the tradition of fishing, and local social activities painted a rich picture of Assamese culture. The gatherings along the riverbanks fostered social bonds, strengthening Jorhat's social fabric. The lifestyle along the river enriched Assamese cultural heritage, and the folklore and stories associated with its name have secured a special place in Assamese literature. However, this cultural connection is gradually fading. The vibrancy of the riverbanks has been lost, replaced by pollution and neglect. This change is driven by the influence of modern lifestyles, where the bond between humans and nature is weakening. Social activities along the riverbanks are no longer held as they once were, and a sense of indifference toward the river has developed among locals. This cultural disconnection has led to the erosion of an important aspect of Assamese heritage. An analysis of this decline reveals how the accelerated pace of modern life and indifference toward nature can endanger a rich cultural legacy. This transformation is a significant loss for Assamese society, as it represents not just the decline of a river but also the erosion of the cultural heritage tied to it.

The current state of the Bhogdoi is deeply concerning. Flowing through the heart of Jorhat city, this river has become a victim of pollution. Plastic waste, industrial pollutants, and household refuse have destroyed its natural beauty. The once-clear waters are now replaced by foul-smelling piles of waste. People no longer gather along its banks, and locals have abandoned spending time there. Even during the rainy season, the river's water levels have decreased, and in some areas, dry land has emerged due to water scarcity. This change is driven by human neglect, industrial pollution, and the unplanned impacts of urbanization. Jorhat's urbanization has led to unplanned construction along the riverbanks, inadequate waste disposal systems, and water misuse, further worsening the river's condition. This pollution has also adversely affected the river's biodiversity. Fish species once abundant in the river are now declining, and the river's ecosystem is disrupted. Unplanned construction along the banks has obstructed the river's natural flow, and industrial waste discharge has made its waters toxic. As a result, the river's former beauty and vitality have been lost, reducing it to a near-lifeless entity. However, the Bhogdoi's decline is not solely due to human activities; natural factors also play a role. The reduction in water flow from the Naga Hills, the impact of climate change, and changes in rainfall patterns have affected the river's water flow. Climate change has made rainfall patterns and volumes erratic, disrupting the river's flow consistency. Additionally, the altered course of the river has reduced water flow in the old Moridichoi channel, impacting the main Bhogdoi channel as well. The combined effect of these natural and human-induced factors has accelerated the Bhogdoi's decline. Analysing the impact of climate change on the river's water source reveals how changes in the human-nature relationship can endanger a river's existence. The reduction in water volume has disrupted the river's ecosystem, adversely affecting its biodiversity.

The need to restore the Bhogdoi is now urgent. This river is not only Jorhat's lifeline but also a symbol of Assam's historical and cultural heritage. Reviving the river requires coordinated efforts from local administration, various sections of society, and environmentalists. Strict regulations for waste disposal along the riverbanks, controlling industrial waste, and raising awareness among locals can help restore the river's former beauty. Additionally, conserving the river's water source and adopting scientific methods to mitigate the impacts of climate change are crucial. Through these efforts, the Bhogdoi can be revived, not only restoring its ecosystem but also playing a vital role in preserving Assam's heritage. This restoration process would demonstrate our commitment to the environment, not just saving a river's vitality but also proving our responsibility toward our heritage. The success of these efforts will determine the Bhogdoi's future and serve as a significant step in preserving Assam's heritage.

In conclusion, the story of the Bhogdoi is truly unique. It reminds us of the power of human creativity and harmony with nature. At the same time, it underscores our responsibility toward nature. The current state of the Bhogdoi reflects our neglect and indifference. If we do not take timely action to revive this river, this invaluable asset of Assam's history and culture may be lost forever. Through the conservation of the Bhogdoi, we can not only keep a river alive but also prove our commitment to our glorious heritage and the environment.