The wondrous historical tree ‘Bakhor Bengena’

Himangshu Ranjan Bhuyan

(hrbhuyancolumnist@gmail.com)

In a tranquil field between the villages of Jablatig and Chuhungmung in Bokota Mauza of the Sivasagar district stands a rare tree named Bakhor Bengena, silently enduring for centuries. This tree is not only a marvel of nature but also an invaluable asset of Assam's historical, cultural, environmental, and spiritual heritage. Its scientific name is 'Catunaregum uliginosa.' According to research by the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany in Lucknow, the tree is approximately 580 to 600 years old. Through its long lifespan, Bakhor Bengena has witnessed the Ahom, Barahi, Chutia, and British reigns, making it a living monument of Assam's history.

The geographical location of Bakhor Bengena also holds special significance. Situated about 24-30 kilometres northeast of Sivasagar town, this rare tree stands in a field surrounded by the villages of Jablatig, Charubhanga Dihimgia, Mahkhowa Bari, and Changmaibari. The field is not only filled with natural beauty but also bears the deep imprint of history. The nearby place called Dhanekhana is steeped in legends, further enhancing the historical importance of this region. According to local beliefs, the sapling of this tree was brought from the Huanghu Valley in China and planted, possibly during the reign of the Barahi king Mahamanikya in the 14th century. This narrative hints at the ancient cultural and commercial ties between Assam and China. The history of Assam's relations with China is long-standing, and the origin story of this tree serves as a link to that connection. During the Barahi king's reign, the political situation in Assam's northeastern region was complex. The history of conflicts and alliances among various ethnic groups during this period adds depth to the purpose behind planting this tree. It is believed that the planting of this sapling was not only a symbol of cultural exchange but also a gesture of political peace. On the other hand, some believe that during the reign of the Ahom king Chuhungmung Dihimgia, this tree was planted as a symbol of peace following a war with the Chutia king Ratnadhwajpal. As part of a peace treaty, the Chutia king is said to have offered gold, silver, and this special sapling. A proverb associated with this story states, "As long as this tree lives, the Chutia community's existence will endure." This proverb reflects the deep cultural and spiritual connection of the Chutia community with the tree. The nearby Bhomora Ali and Lakum Jan indicate the historical significance of boundary demarcation in this region. The name Lakum Jan, where 'La' means boundary and 'Kum' means mouth, is linked to the history of the region's geographical and political boundaries. During the reign of Swargadeo Jayadhwaj Singha, the boundary of the settlement of Naoboicha Phukan, the father of Chikan Sariyah from the Banfera Naga or Banfroi clan, extended to the base of this tree, highlighting the political importance of this area. While verifying the truth of these stories is complex, these legends establish Bakhor Bengena as an integral part of Assam's political and cultural history. Its historical significance elevates it beyond just a plant; it is a living document of Assam's ancient times, reminding us of political dynamics, peace treaties, and cultural exchanges.

The appearance of Bakhor Bengena distinguishes it as a unique plant. Standing approximately 25-35 feet tall, the tree's main trunk branches out into seven limbs that spread like a canopy, giving it an extraordinary beauty. These branches expand the tree's reach, making it a commanding presence in its surroundings. Its leaves are fine and green, slippery like those of the Tagar tree, and have partial thorns on the bark. The structure of these leaves demonstrates the tree's ability to adapt to its environment. Its flowers are white, resembling gulchiflowers, with eight petals, blooming in the months of Jeth and Ahaar (May-June). The yellow pollen of these flowers sparkles in the sunlight, resembling golden dust. After flowering, it bears fruits the size of a small mango, containing tiny seeds resembling those of an eggplant. When ripe, these fruits turn yellow and glisten like mica in moonlight or sunlight, which locals believe is the reason behind the tree's name. It is said that the tree was named Bakhor Bengena due to the similarity of its fruits to the Ahom ornament called 'Bakhor Khatowa Keru.' The tree bears fruits mainly in Jeth-Ahaar, though a few flowers and fruits can be seen at other times of the year as well. All these structural characteristics set this tree apart from others in Assam. Its seasonal leaf changes, the life cycle of its flowers, and the ripening process of its fruits highlight its biodiversity significance. The thorny bark and slippery leaf surfaces reflect its genetic resilience and adaptability to the environment. These features make Bakhor Bengena a fascinating subject in botany. Its sparkling appearance has earned it a special place in people's hearts, making it an invaluable part of Assam's natural heritage.

The scientific significance of Bakhor Bengena lies in its rarity and biodiversity value. In 1930, botanists identified it as belonging to the 'Rubiaceae' family. In 1965, Professor Prabhat Chandra Konwar from Jorhat's Postgraduate Training College noted that while the tree's fruits resemble eggplants in size, they are not of the eggplant species. In 2014, carbon dating by the Birbal Sahni Institute determined the tree's age to be around 580 years. Its inability to reproduce is a primary reason for its rarity. Neither its seeds nor its branches produce saplings, and its genetic makeup remains a mystery to scientists. Similarities have been found with certain trees in China's Huanghu Valley, but Assam's climate has slightly altered its leaves, flowers, and fruits. This adaptability showcases the tree's genetic strength and ability to harmonise with its environment. The structure of its pollen, the slippery surface of its leaves, and the ripening process of its fruits make it an intriguing subject in botany. These genetic traits have sparked interest among scientists regarding their origin and evolutionary processes. Its rarity and biodiversity significance make it one of the world's rarest plants. The complexity of its pollen structure, the slippery surface of its leaves, and the biological processes of fruit ripening make it a captivating field of study in botany. The mystery of its genetic makeup sheds new light on plant evolution and environmental adaptation. Analysis of its pollen structure reveals the biological importance of pollination, crucial for the region's biodiversity. The slippery surface of its leaves indicates its ability to protect itself from environmental factors, and the thorny bark serves as a natural defence against animals. These characteristics establish Bakhor Bengena as a rare plant, with its genetic structure and environmental adaptability making it a subject of scientific study. Its scientific significance underscores both its rarity and its biodiversity value, earning it a unique place in global botany.

Moreover, the presence of butterflies, bees, and other creatures around the tree reflects its role in maintaining ecological balance. Its pollen aids in pollination, ensuring the reproduction of surrounding plants. The tree's nodal branches prevent soil erosion, and its roots strengthen the soil structure. During the rainy season, the streams and channels beneath the tree retain water, helping maintain the region's climatic balance. Its seasonal leaf changes and flower life cycle reveal its deep connection with nature. The tree's existence plays a crucial role in preserving the surrounding biodiversity. Its roots and branches contribute to environmental protection by stabilising the soil structure. Through its ecological role, Bakhor Bengena is not only a historical monument but also an integral part of nature. The structure of its pollen and the ripening process of its fruits highlight its deep interdependence with the surrounding ecosystem. Its ecological importance establishes it as an invaluable asset in biodiversity conservation. Its existence not only maintains the local environmental balance but also defines its place as part of Assam's natural heritage. The depth of its roots and the spread of its branches ensure soil stability, protecting the region from erosion during the rainy season.

Numerous folk tales and beliefs are associated with the tree among the locals. Some believe that on Saturday and Tuesday nights or afternoons, an old man with white hair is seen under the tree, sometimes considered the spirit of an ancient king. Others speak of witnessing a divine maiden's dance under the tree on full moon nights. A few years ago, on a special evening in Jeth, the entire area around Bakhor Bengena was illuminated by the light of lamps for a brief period, an otherworldly event witnessed by many locals. Regardless of the veracity of these stories, they reveal the deep spiritual connection of the local people with the tree. The streams and serene environment around the tree create a peaceful ambiance. Locals consider it a part of their heritage, and the rituals and stories associated with it enhance its spiritual value. This spiritual significance makes the tree a sacred site for the community, where they connect with their identity and heritage. The tranquil environment under the tree fosters a sense of spiritual awakening, linking people's lives with history. This spiritual bond elevates the tree beyond a mere natural resource; it has become a symbol of the local community's identity and heritage.

Climate change, human interference, and environmental damage pose threats to the tree. During the rainy season, the area under the tree gets submerged, making it difficult for researchers to access. Nevertheless, the tree's resilient vitality has kept it alive thus far. The state government has taken some measures for its protection, but these efforts are insufficient. Climate change has altered the region's rainfall patterns, potentially affecting the tree's root health. Human interference risks damaging the surrounding environment, posing a threat to its long-term survival. The tree holds immense tourism potential. Including it in the World Heritage List would highlight its global significance. More research is needed in collaboration with local schools, colleges, and research centres. Studying its genetic structure, exploring artificial propagation possibilities, and raising awareness through tourism could aid its conservation. By preserving this tree, we can keep a vital part of Assam's heritage alive for future generations. Considering its ecological importance, a comprehensive plan is needed to protect the surrounding environment. Such a plan would ensure the preservation of the tree and the surrounding biodiversity in harmony.

The conservation of Bakhor Bengena has become an urgent need. In 1996, a committee was formed to develop it as a tourist site and take responsibility for its protection. Many visitors come to see Bakhor Bengena, but the government and local administration have yet to develop the area as a proper tourist destination. However, the Government of India has issued a postage stamp in the name of this rare tree species. Unfortunately, Bakhor Bengena has not been included in the list of India's ancient trees, possibly because it is classified as a shrub. Yet, the glory of this 600-year-old witness to history remains undiminished. Bakhor Bengena is not just a tree; it is a living bridge to Assam's heritage, culture, and nature. Through its conservation and promotion, we can stay connected to our roots and preserve this priceless asset for future generations. By conserving Bakhor Bengena, we not only keep its historical and cultural significance alive but also protect Assam's natural heritage through its ecological role.