The Bhorali Namghar of Kaliabor: Religious & historical significance

Himangshu Ranjan Bhuyan

(hrbhuyancolumnist@gmail.com)

The Bhorali Namghar in Kaliabor is a sacred religious site in central Assam, keeping alive the ideals of the Neo-Vaishnavite faith propagated by the great saint Srimanta Sankardev. This Namghar is not merely a religious centre but also a golden symbol of Kaliabor’s historical, social, and cultural heritage. Situated approximately one and a half kilometres south of Hatbor, the history of its establishment, the traditions of religious practices, and its evolution over time bear witness to the depth and diversity of Kaliabor’s religious society.

The religious society of Kaliabor boasts a profoundly ancient and diverse history. The region’s geographical location has made it an ideal hub for religious and cultural activities. The natural beauty of the plains and hills on both banks of the Kolong River has established this area as a unique religious centre. Even before the Ahoms conquered Kaliabor, various tribal communities resided here, with their religious beliefs predominantly rooted in Shakta and Shaiva traditions. Texts such as the 'Kalika Purana' and 'Yoginitantra,' composed between the eighth and ninth centuries, provide detailed descriptions of the religious environment of this region. These texts particularly highlight the influence of Shiva worship, testifying to the antiquity of Kaliabor’s religious history. Copperplate inscriptions from the reign of the Pala and Barman dynasties also provide evidence of the prominence of Shiva worship. During this period, the foundation of Kaliabor’s religious society was laid through patronage of religious activities. With the arrival of Ahom rule, a new chapter began in Kaliabor’s religious life. Following the adoption of Hinduism by the Ahom kings, a synthesis of Shakta, Shaiva, and Vaishnavite traditions emerged, establishing Kaliabor as a centre of religious diversity. This synthesis invigorated Kaliabor’s religious society, which gained further momentum under the influence of Neo-Vaishnavism in later times.

The origin story of the name 'Kaliabor' is deeply intertwined with the region’s historical identity. During the reign of the Ahom king Suhungmung, also known as Dihingia Raja (1497–1539 CE), the Ahoms defeated the Kacharis in a battle, extending their kingdom up to Kajlimukh. During this period, the Ahoms named the region 'Tun-Rung-Dam' in the Tai language, inspired by the large, dark-coloured trees found in the plains and hilly areas on both banks of the Kolong River. Over time, this name evolved into 'Kaliyabor' in Assamese and later became 'Kaliabor.' This naming process reflects the natural beauty and historical identity of Kaliabor. The lush green environment on both banks of the Kolong River, the scenic hills, and the cultural traditions of the local tribal communities shaped this region into a unique religious hub. This environment played a significant role in the development of Kaliabor’s religious society. Within this natural and cultural backdrop, the influence of Srimanta Sankardev’s Neo-Vaishnavite faith provided a new direction to the region’s religious life. The simplicity, devotion, and egalitarian ideals of Neo-Vaishnavism profoundly impacted the lives of Kaliabor’s people, forming the foundation for the establishment and growth of the Bhorali Namghar.

During the Ahom era, a profound transformation occurred in Kaliabor’s religious life. After Dihingia Raja formally adopted Hinduism as the state religion, a synthesis of Shakta, Shaiva, and Vaishnavite traditions emerged in Kaliabor. This period witnessed a unique coexistence of various religious traditions in Kaliabor’s religious society. From the sixteenth century, the propagation of Neo-Vaishnavism under the leadership of Srimanta Sankardev and Madhavdev infused new vitality into Kaliabor’s religious life. The core ideals of this faith—devotion, equality, and simple religious practices—ushered in a social reformation in Kaliabor’s society. Under the influence of Neo-Vaishnavism, the establishment of Satras (Vaishnavite monasteries) and the reorganisation of the religious society gained momentum. At one point, approximately twenty-five Satras were established in Kaliabor, serving as vibrant evidence of the region’s religious activity. Among these, Satras like Balisatra played a particularly influential role in the establishment and management of the Bhorali Namghar. Through these Satras, the ideals of Neo-Vaishnavism deeply permeated Kaliabor’s societal fabric, giving the region’s religious identity a new dimension. This influence sparked a social and cultural awakening in Kaliabor, which remains alive today through the Bhorali Namghar.

The Bhorali Namghar is regarded as a primary centre of Kaliabor’s Neo-Vaishnavite faith. Located about one and a half kilometres south of Hatbor, this Namghar is a radiant star in the religious life of central Assam. Like the Dhekiakhowa or Athkheliya Namghar in upper Assam, the Bhorali Namghar holds immense religious significance. The history of this Namghar is elaborately discussed in Liladhar Bora’s books 'Aitihyamandita Kaliabor' (Heritage-laden Kaliabor) and 'Bhorali Gaon aru Bhorali Namghar: Atit aru Bartaman' (Bhorali Village and Bhorali Namghar: Past and Present). Although precise information about the establishment of the Bhorali Namghar is scarce, historical sources suggest that it was initially founded in a village called Bamgaon (now the Daulpukhuri area). During the reign of Ahom king Sukhampha, also known as Khora Raja (1552–1603 CE), the position of Salal Gohain was created as the administrator of central Assam. The place was named Salal after his residence. Over time, various communities settled in this region, and later, Momai Tamuli Barbarua initiated settlements along the banks of the Kolong, Kopili, and Nonai rivers. Against this backdrop, the probable time of the Bhorali Namghar’s establishment can be estimated. According to Liladhar Bora, the Namghar was established in Bamgaon before the Mughal invasions and remained there for about one and a half centuries. In 1821 CE, during the third Mughal invasion, the Namghar was destroyed. If this information is accurate, the establishment of the Namghar likely occurred around the reign of Ahom king Sunmutpha or Udayaditya Singha (1670–1672 CE). Since then, the Bhorali Namghar has been regarded as a primary centre of Kaliabor’s religious life. From its establishment, the Namghar’s religious significance has steadily grown, becoming an integral part of Kaliabor’s societal fabric.

The story of the Bhorali Namghar’s reconstruction after the Mughal invasion is historically significant. In 1821 CE, during the third Mughal invasion, the Namghar in Bamgaon was destroyed. Following this destruction, the villagers abandoned the Sonai Pukhuri area of Bamgaon and established a new village near Chatai Ali. In this new village, the Namghar was rebuilt using bamboo and straw. Timber from the old Namghar and soil from its foundation were used to lay the foundation of the new structure. The contribution of a historical figure named Bhorali Hazarika was particularly notable in this effort. The village and the Namghar were named 'Bhorali Gaon' and 'Bhorali Namghar' after him. Through this reconstruction, the Bhorali Namghar gained new life and became the focal point of Kaliabor’s religious life. This process preserved the historical continuity of the Namghar, reviving its associated spiritual values. Through this reconstruction, the Namghar exerted a profound influence on Kaliabor’s societal life, and its religious significance continued to grow.

The relationship between the Bhorali Namghar and Balisatra is deeply significant. The Satradhikar of Balisatra, the revered Vaishnavite guru Bapuram Deu, established the first Bhagavata (sacred scripture) in the Namghar at Bamgaon. His contribution forged an unbreakable bond between the Bhorali Namghar and Balisatra. Under Bapuram Deu’s leadership, the Bhorali Namghar gained recognition as a primary centre of Neo-Vaishnavite faith. Through this relationship, the Namghar secured a special place in Kaliabor’s religious society. Supported by Balisatra and influenced by the ideals of Neo-Vaishnavism, the Bhorali Namghar profoundly impacted Kaliabor’s societal life. Its religious practices, such as Nam-Kirtan (devotional singing), Bhagavata recitation, and Bhaona (traditional Vaishnavite drama), are vibrant expressions of Srimanta Sankardev’s ideals. These traditions sparked a social and cultural awakening in Kaliabor’s religious society, which remains intact today through the Bhorali Namghar.

The religious and cultural activities of the Bhorali Namghar are an integral part of Kaliabor’s societal life. Every year, large gatherings take place at the Namghar during Maghi Purnima and Buddha Purnima. During the Maghi Purnima festival, thousands of devotees assemble to participate in Nam-Kirtan, Bhagavata recitation, and Bhaona performances. These festivals keep Kaliabor’s religious and cultural heritage alive. The tradition of Bhaona, in particular, reflects the diversity and uniqueness of Shankari art and culture. The recitation of the tenth canto of the Bhagavata and Harinam-Kirtan during the month of Bhado are also significant aspects of the Bhorali Namghar. Through these activities, the Namghar has promoted religious and cultural values in Kaliabor’s society. These traditions not only propagate religious ideals but also foster unity and cooperation among different sections of society. Through these activities, the Bhorali Namghar has strengthened Kaliabor’s social fabric, and its religious significance has continued to grow.

The architecture and features of the Bhorali Namghar are a vital aspect of its grandeur. The Tulsi pillar is one of its most cherished assets. Although a portion of the pillar has been damaged, the remaining part is preserved near the altar. According to local lore, this Tulsi pillar was sourced from Baneshwar Hill. It is believed to have floated down the Kolong River during the monsoon and reached the Kolong Ghat in Hatbor. This story is a living expression of the folklore and spirituality associated with the Bhorali Namghar. The tradition of offering Bhog (sacred food) is also highly popular among devotees. After daily Prasad distribution, the Bhog prepared by devotees is shared among them, a unique feature of this Namghar. This tradition fosters a spiritual connection among devotees, further enhancing the Namghar’s religious significance. The Namghar’s architecture also adds to its beauty and grandeur, with features such as the main archway, Agnigarh, large wooden doors, and decorative elements like the Chandratap.

The reconstruction and modernization of the Bhorali Namghar began in 2005. In 2016, a new Namghar structure was constructed, covering an area of 10,500 square feet. The contributions of the local community and the dedication of the management committee played a crucial role in this effort. The management committee has been carrying out development work based on a new constitution. Future plans include the establishment of a public auditorium and a library, indicating the Namghar’s readiness to contribute to Kaliabor’s cultural and educational spheres. These efforts have further strengthened the Namghar’s religious and cultural significance, establishing it as a prominent religious site in Assam.

The folklore and spirituality associated with the Bhorali Namghar are also significant aspects of its grandeur. It is widely believed among devotees that offering items such as sacred trays, oil lamps, or salt fulfils their wishes. There is also a popular belief that consuming the Namghar’s Bhog cures ailments. These beliefs have established the Bhorali Namghar as a spiritual centre, fostering deep reverence and devotion among devotees, further enhancing its religious significance. Through these beliefs, the Namghar has created a spiritual connection within Kaliabor’s society.

In conclusion, the Bhorali Namghar is an enduring symbol of Kaliabor’s religious, cultural, and historical heritage. Upholding the banner of Srimanta Sankardev’s Neo-Vaishnavite faith, this Namghar has exerted an everlasting influence on Kaliabor’s societal life. Through its history, religious practices, and cultural activities, the Bhorali Namghar has scripted a radiant chapter in Assam’s religious tradition. The dedication of the management committee, the contributions of the community, and the reverence of devotees have established the Bhorali Namghar as a prominent religious site in Assam. Its religious and cultural significance will continue to thrive in Kaliabor’s societal life in the future.

Sources: The article 'Vaishnavar Baikuntha: Bhorali Namghar' by Nabin Barathakur and 'Bhorali Namghar' by Biraj Bhushan Bora, published in the Assamese literary web magazine 'Nilacharai,' along with several books, commemorative volumes, and various articles available on the internet.