Editorial

Circular economy solution for e-waste management

The surge in the digital economy has given rise to the gigantic problem of electronic waste or e-waste management in India.

Sentinel Digital Desk

The surge in the digital economy has given rise to the gigantic problem of electronic waste or e-waste management in India. Most consumers never think twice before discarding their electronic devices and buying new ones even when existing devices are still functional. They are least bothered about the generation of e-waste on an alarming scale and the proportion which has brought perils of health hazards and environmental degradation. The country's push for the transition from a linear and resource extractive economy to a circular economy offers a solution but the concept is still in its infancy. A policy paper circulated by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology brings to light the scale of current e-waste generation and future trends in the country. With 3.2 million tonnes in 2019, India is the third most e-waste generating country after the United States and China, but only ten per cent of the waste is collected for recycling, it states. In 2016, India was the fifth largest producer of e-waste but surpassed Japan and Germany in 2019 which indicates the pace of e-waste generation in the country. Official data show that production of electronic goods in the country jumped from Rs 3.17 lakh crore in 2016-17 to Rs. 5.55 lakh crore in 2020-21. The vision of making India a global hub for electronic systems design and manufacturing in the National Electronic Policy 2019 notified by the Ministry explains the significant increase in the production of electronic goods in the country. A key problem in e-waste management highlighted in the policy paper is the underutilization of existing recycling facilities. Even though the capacity of recycling increased to 11.10 lakh MT, the majority of recyclers are not even processing 50% of their licensed capacities and the pricing of waste is also stated to be the major reason behind underutilization. It harps on a circular economy approach to the management of e-waste for resource efficiency, reduction in pollution and waste, longer product life, recovery of precious and rare materials, minimization of occupational and health hazards as well as giving an impetus to the evolution of recycling industry. The document points out that Electronics and Electrical Equipment (EEE) sector in India and globally is set up in a linear fashion where product-related externalities are not internalized due to the take-make-dispose model and the net-zero transformation of the sector requires a low carbon footprint designed product with longer-life, higher repairability, reduced toxicants, higher material efficiency, and better recovery. To put in perspective of environmental hazards of e-waste, the Ministry document states that manufacturing one tonne of laptops potentially leads to the emission of 10 tonnes of carbon dioxide. The policy paper underscores the importance of integration of circularity principles in design, manufacturing, consumption and then end of life management of products. The recovery and utilization of secondary raw materials, circular products with longer use-life, quality assurance for repair and refurbished products, and advanced recycling technology to mine secondary materials from e-waste will enable circular growth in electronic production and sustainable access to resources, adds. One policy push for a circular economy approach for EEE is enforcing the traceability of e-waste. The policy paper insists on producers making use of their database of buyers to connect with them beyond warranty periods to arrange to take back end-of-life products. Even when a consumer is keen to use the products for a longer period, obsolescence of technology and the introduction of new products with updated technology compels them to go for early disposal of products. Easy accessibility of repair can facilitate the reuse of products and promote the circular economy by creating jobs in the repairing services sector. Better accessibility of collection centres will motivate environment-conscious buyers of EEE goods to deposit products they wish to discard only at collection centres which can prevent the dumping of end-of-life products with municipal solid wastes and find ways to wetlands, rivers and oceans and pose threats to aquatic life and biodiversity. "A wide, easily accessible and mature collection network is at the core of a healthy e-waste ecosystem and is essential to achieve the goals. India needs a widely distributed formalized collection network that consumers can readily access at their homes, offices, and public spaces to drop off their e-waste states the policy paper about the importance of creating a robust e-waste collection infrastructure to ensure recycling. The hazardous impact of toxic materials in electronic goods and equipment on health and biodiversity demands responsible disposal of end-of-life products by buyers and users. Municipal bodies, municipal boards, and village panchayats can learn lessons from Indore Municipal Corporation deploying garbage collection vans with six colour-coded separate compartments for different types of wastes including a grey coloured compartment for collection of e-waste segregated at the household level. Building awareness among consumers on responsible use of electronic products for a longer period is critical to the success of a circular approach in the EEE sector and to reducing the pace of e-waste generation.