Dr. Birendra Kumar Gohain
INTRODUCTION
The terms Tai and Thai are often used interchangeably in popular discourse, yet historically and culturally they represent two distinct identities emerging from the same ancient racial stock. The common origin lies in the Tai civilization—an expansive people spread across South China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and Northeast India since time immemorial.
Over the centuries, migrations, wars, assimilation, and state formation led to divergent destinies: the Thai in the Siamese plains consolidating into a powerful nation-state, and other Tai branches—including the Tai-Ahoms—establishing unique socio-political systems in regions such as the Brahmaputra valley of Assam.
The purpose of this article is to elucidate the shared ancestry of the Tai peoples and to demonstrate the distinct historical evolution that transformed one branch into the modern Thai nation while another branch, under the leadership of Chaolung Siu-Ka-Pha, laid the foundation of the Ahom kingdom in 13th-century Assam.
THE TAI RACE: ANCIENT ORIGINS AND EARLY KINGDOMS
Scholars opine that the Tai race is one of the oldest inhabitants of Asia, coexisting with the Chinese in the earliest phases of history. The legendary narrative of Khunlung and Khunlai, princes of Heaven and grandsons of Lengdon, the Lord of Heaven, situates the Tai identity within sacred cosmology. These Heavenly Princes descended on a golden ladder to rule the earth, establishing the earliest Tai kingdom Mungri-Mungram, located in what is presently identified as eastern Yunnan region.
With the passage of time, a vast number of Tai polities emerged, such as Taitakong (Tagaung), Mungteo (Mohnyin), Lamungtai near present Chiangmai, Mungkula (Kale), and Junlung (Mong Yawng). Each of these kingdoms maintained a dynastic connection to the Heavenly Princes and adhered to Tai cultural institutions — the Mung (state), Chao-Pha (king), and a governing elite composed of nobles and priests.
The common legend among the Tai-Shans maintains that the descendants of Khunlung and Khunlai ruled for generations in South China and Upper Myanmar, producing several princely lineages. It was from this illustrious stock that Chaolung Siu-Ka-Pha, the great Tai prince, emerged in the late 12th century.
MIGRATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF DISTINCT
IDENTITIES Divergence by Geography
The trajectory of Tai people diverged primarily along two major directions:
1. Southward migration along the Chao Phraya basin
n leading to the rise of the Thai kingdoms of Sukhothai (13th century), Ayutthaya (14th–18th century), and later Rattanakosin (Bangkok).
2. Westward migration into Upper Burma and the Brahmaputra valley ? culminating in Siu-Ka-Pha’s arrival in Mung-Dun-Sun-Kham (Assam) in 1228 AD.
Historical chronicles such as the Ahom Buranjis give detailed accounts of Siu-Ka-Pha’s movement from Mung Maolung (Yunnan) to Mungkhu-Mungja (Sip Song Panna region), crossing the formidable Nam Kiu (Irrawaddy) river, and ultimately reaching Khamjang near the Patkai range where he founded his first Tai domain on the Indian side.
After traversing dense forests, hill tracts, and rivers—Namrup, Buri Dihing, Dikhow, and Disang—Siu-Ka-Pha finally built his permanent capital at Charaideo (Che-lung-Che-Kham) in 1252 AD, and established the Ahom state. His reign continued till 1268 AD, marking the beginning of six centuries of Tai-Ahom sovereignty in Assam.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE THAI IDENTITY IN SIAM
The Tai migrants who settled further south became the ruling class of Sukhothai by the 13th century. These rulers introduced:
n The standard Thai language
n A Thai script developed under King Ramkhamhaeng
n Theravada Buddhism as the primary religion
n A centralized socio-political system
Thus Thai identity, while rooted in Tai ancestry, crystallized through:
Influences Resulting Cultural Identity
Religious reforms Buddhism as state religion
Script & Language standardization Modern Thai linguistic unity
Expansion and military consolidation Formation of Thai nation-state
Southeast Asian trade networks Distinctive Thai art, architecture, etiquette
Thai identity therefore represents a nationalized evolution of Tai racial legacy—a transformation through political consolidation and cultural adaptation.
THE TAI-AHOMS: THE ASSAMESE DESTINY OF THE TAI RACE
In contrast, the Tai-Ahoms of Assam underwent a completely different course of development. Siu-Ka-Pha, upon entering Assam, encountered the Moran, Borahi, Chutiya, and Kachari peoples prospering through shifting cultivation.
Displaying remarkable statesmanship, he adopted the following strategies: 1. Intermarriage and Assimilation
Marriage alliances with Moran and Borahi royal households created a new mixed elite and encouraged his 9000 soldiers—mostly unmarried—to marry local women. This integration policy resulted in:
n Inclusion of diverse tribes into Ahom fold
n Emergence of neo-Ahom clans (e.g., Changmai, Chetia, Pator)
n Foundation of a new Assamese race
2. Agricultural Transformation
He introduced the Tai practice of wet-paddy cultivation, with buffaloes and irrigation systems, replacing slash-and-burn methods. He opened major farms at Gochikal, Angera, and Borhat, revolutionizing food production.
3. Administrative Innovation
Tai bureaucratic system adapted to Assam with:
n Chao-Pha (Swargadeo – King)
n Buragohain & Borgohain (prime ministerial ranks)
n Governors (Phu-Kin-Mung) and later Bora, Saikia, Hazarika tiers
This structure ensured political stability for over six centuries in Assam—an extraordinary civilizational achievement in Indian history.
4. Language Policy
Rather than imposing Tai language, Siu-Ka-Pha encouraged the existing common speech of the region which gradually evolved into modern Assamese, aiding cultural continuity and popular acceptance.
RELIGIOUS AND COSMOLOGICAL DIVERGENCE
While the Thai embraced Theravada Buddhism under royal patronage, the Tai-Ahoms retained and elaborated their traditional religion centered on ancestor worship (Me-Dam-Me-Phi), divine natural forces, and ritual divination:
Tai-Ahom Practices Description
Me-Dam-Me-Phi Worship of ancestors & royal lineage
Rik-Khwan Revitalization ritual for wellness & state recovery
Animistic Deities Pha-Nu-Ru Lengdon (Heaven), Ai-Lengdin (Earth), Khaokham (Water), Frontier Gods
Phuralung Bloodless worship of Almighty deity Pha-Tyu-Shing-Phrong Hum
Manuscript evidence (MS Nos. 11, 13, 51, 1162, 1816 etc., DHAS) attests to ritual sophistication and cosmological literacy among the Ahom priestly classes (Deodhai, Mohan, Bailung).
Thus the Thai became Buddhist Tai, whereas the Ahoms evolved as Indo-Tai syncretic ritualists, integrating Hindu deities like Mahadev and Ai-Na-Bhani into their belief systems.
LINGUISTIC AND SCRIPTURAL OUTCOMES
Though linguistically related, the outcomes diverged:
n Thai n standard national language with continuous script development
n Tai-Ahom n sacred ritual language preserved in manuscripts but largely replaced in daily use by Assamese
Nevertheless, Ahom manuscripts—written on Sanchi bark—preserve priceless records of astrology (Phe-lung Phe-ban), divination (Ban-sheng), genealogies, and historical chronicles (Buranjis).
This documentary culture led British historians to praise Assam as possessing one of the earliest written historical traditions in India, dating back to the arrival of Siu-Ka-Pha.
CONCLUSION
The Tai and the Thai share a common racial origin, but history shaped their identities along different trajectories.
Tai ? an ancient cultural-civilizational family
Thai ? one branch that consolidated to form the nation of Thailand
Ahom ? another branch that built the foundation of a unified Assam
Their paths diverged by geography, state-building, linguistic preference, and religious transformation. Yet the ancestral memory of the Heavenly Princes, the administrative concept of the Mung, the ritual reverence of the Khwan, and the cultural valour of the plough and paddy still bind them within one civilizational arc.
Recognizing the distinction between Tai and Thai not only corrects historical mislabelling—it restores rightful identity to all Tai-descended communities including the Ahoms of Assam who have, since the 13th century, contributed profoundly to the history, culture, and ethos of the Brahmaputra valley.