Satyabrat Borah
(satyabratborah12@gmail.com)
Sankardev was a 15th-century saint, scholar, poet, playwright, and social religious reformer. He is one of the most revered figures in Assamese history. His vision of Vaishnav Dharma, rooted in devotion (bhakti) and equality, revolutionized Assamese society, culture, literature, and religion. Sankardev’s teachings emphasized a form of Vaishnavism that was inclusive, accessible, and deeply spiritual, breaking away from the rigid hierarchies and rituals of traditional Brahminical Hinduism. His contributions not only shaped the religious landscape of Assam but also left an indelible mark on its cultural and literary heritage, fostering a sense of unity and identity among the Assamese people.
Sankardev’s vision of Vaishnav Dharma was centred on the worship of Lord Krishna, particularly in his form as Vishnu or Narayana. He propagated the idea of “ekasarana nama dharma”, which translates to “the religion of taking refuge in one God.” This philosophy emphasized devotion to a single deity, rejecting the polytheistic practices prevalent at the time. Sankardev’s teachings were deeply influenced by the Bhagavata Purana, which he considered the ultimate scripture for spiritual guidance. He believed that salvation could be achieved through pure devotion (bhakti), chanting the names of God (nama), and living a life of righteousness and humility. This approach made spirituality accessible to all, regardless of caste, creed, or social status, challenging the dominance of Brahminical orthodoxy and its exclusionary practices.
One of Sankardev’s most significant contributions was his effort to democratize religion. At a time when access to religious knowledge and practices was restricted to the upper castes, Sankardev opened the doors of spirituality to everyone, including women and marginalized communities. He established “xattras” (monastic institutions) that served as centres of learning, worship, and cultural exchange. These xattras became the backbone of Assamese Vaishnavism, promoting a way of life that combined spiritual devotion with social responsibility. The xattras also played a crucial role in preserving and propagating Sankardev’s teachings, ensuring their continuity across generations.
Sankardev’s impact on Assamese literature is unparalleled. He is often regarded as the father of Assamese literature, having composed numerous works in the Assamese language, which was then in its formative stages. His literary contributions include the “Kirtan Ghosha”, a collection of devotional songs and prayers that remains a cornerstone of Assamese spiritual and cultural life. The “Kirtan Ghosha” is not only a religious text but also a literary masterpiece, written in simple yet profound language that resonates with people of all backgrounds. Sankardev’s other notable works include the “Bhagavata Purana” translations, the “Gunamala”, and the “Bhakti Ratnavali”, all of which are revered for their spiritual depth and literary excellence.
In addition to his devotional writings, Sankardev was a pioneer in the field of Assamese drama and performing arts. He introduced “Ankiya Naat”, a form of one-act play that combined religious themes with theatrical elements. These plays, often performed in the xattras, were designed to convey spiritual messages in an engaging and accessible manner. Sankardev himself wrote several Ankiya Naats, including the famous “Chihna Yatra”, which is considered the first Assamese drama. His plays were not only religious but also incorporated elements of Assamese folklore, music, and dance, making them a unique blend of spirituality and culture. The use of “Borgeet” (devotional songs) in these performances further enriched the cultural landscape of Assam, creating a tradition that continues to thrive today.
Sankardev’s influence extended beyond religion and literature to the broader cultural fabric of Assam. He played a pivotal role in unifying the diverse communities of the region under a shared cultural and spiritual identity. His teachings emphasized the importance of community living, mutual respect, and social harmony, values that continue to define Assamese society. The xattras he established became hubs of cultural activity, promoting not only religious practices but also art, music, dance, and education. This holistic approach to spirituality and culture helped to create a cohesive Assamese identity, transcending regional and ethnic differences.
The impact of Sankardev’s teachings on Assamese society was profound and far-reaching. By challenging the caste system and advocating for social equality, he empowered marginalized communities and fostered a sense of dignity and self-worth among them. His emphasis on devotion and personal faith over ritualistic practices resonated deeply with the common people, making spirituality a more intimate and personal experience. This democratization of religion had a transformative effect on Assamese society, breaking down barriers and promoting a more inclusive and egalitarian way of life.
Sankardev’s legacy is also evident in the enduring traditions of Assamese Vaishnavism. The xattras he established continue to be centres of spiritual and cultural life, preserving his teachings and practices for future generations. The annual “Raas Leela” festivals, which celebrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna, are a testament to Sankardev’s enduring influence. These festivals, marked by music, dance, and theatrical performances, are a vibrant expression of Assamese culture and devotion, drawing people from all walks of life.
In the realm of education, Sankardev’s contributions were equally significant. He believed in the power of knowledge and education as tools for personal and societal transformation. The xattras he established served as centres of learning, where students were taught not only religious texts but also literature, music, and the arts. This emphasis on education helped to elevate the intellectual and cultural standards of Assamese society, laying the foundation for a rich literary and artistic tradition.
Sankardev’s vision of Vaishnav Dharma also had a profound impact on the moral and ethical values of the Assamese people. His teachings emphasized the importance of honesty, compassion, humility, and service to others, values that continue to guide the lives of many in Assam. The concept of “nama-dharma”, or the practice of chanting the names of God, became a central tenet of Assamese spirituality, offering a simple yet powerful means of connecting with the divine. This practice, deeply rooted in Sankardev’s teachings, remains a vital part of Assamese religious life.
Sankardev’s vision of Vaishnav Dharma and his contributions to Assamese society, literature, culture, and religion have left an indelible mark on the history and identity of Assam. His teachings of devotion, equality, and social harmony revolutionized the religious landscape of the region, making spirituality accessible to all. His literary and artistic contributions enriched Assamese culture, creating a legacy that continues to inspire and uplift. Sankardev’s impact on Assamese society is a testament to the enduring power of his vision and the timeless relevance of his message. Through his life and work, Sankardev not only transformed the spiritual and cultural fabric of Assam but also laid the foundation for a more inclusive and compassionate society. His legacy remains a beacon of hope and inspiration, guiding the Assamese people toward a future rooted in faith, unity, and cultural pride.